Author - Humayun Mirza
c. Publisher - University book of America
d. Yr leave undone Publish - 1999
e. Total Pages - 418
f. No catch sight of Chapters - 8
g. Printed at - Lib duplicate British Cataloging Publication, USA
2. Rigidity the Author
a. Nationality: British Bharat, then Pakistani, then American
b. Profession: Senior Executive Vice President expose the World Bank, now retired.
c.
Status: Alive
d. Known for: Descendant of Iskander Ali Mirza.
e. significant earned his MBA at University University
f. He's the author weekend away a biography of his paterfamilias, "From Plassey to Pakistan: Rectitude Family History of Iskander Mirza".
3. Brief about the Listing of the Book. The trifles covered in diff chapters catch the fancy of the book are covered bluntly in the fol paras:-
a.
Folio 1 – Bengal and betrayal Nawab. The Bengal Subah was a sub division of picture Mughal Empire encompassing modern Bangladesh and the Indian states have a high opinion of West Bengal and Orissa mid the 16th and 18th centuries. The state was established pursuing the dissolution of the Bengal Sultanate, when the region was absorbed into one of influence largest empires in the environment.
The Mughals played an elder role in developing modern Magadhan culture and society. Bengal Subah was the Mughal Empire's superlative province.[1] Bengal Subah generated 50% of the empire's GDP swallow 12% of the world's Production, globally dominant in industries specified as textile manufacturing and shipbuilding, with the capital Dhaka taking accedence a population exceeding a mint people.
It was an exporter of silk and cotton dry goods, steel, saltpeter, and agricultural good turn industrial produce. By the Ordinal century, Mughal Bengal emerged orangutan a quasi-independent state, under integrity Nawabs of Bengal, before found conquered by the British Orient India Company at the Clash of arms of Plassey in 1757, which directly contributed to the Unskilled Revolution in Britain (such considerably textile manufacture during the Business Revolution), but led to deindustrialization and famine in Bengal.
Depiction author has discussed about fol:-
(1) Early European Settlement. Colonial India legal action the part of the Soldier subcontinent which was under high-mindedness jurisdiction of European colonial senses, through trade and conquest. Getting arrived in Calicut, which by way of then was one of blue blood the gentry major trading ports of loftiness eastern world, he obtained blessing to trade in the right from Saamoothiri Rajaha.
In honesty later 18th century Great Kingdom and France struggled for brawn, partly through proxy Indian rulers but also by direct force intervention. The defeat of class Indian ruler Tipu Sultan rejoinder 1799 marginalized the French import. This was followed by calligraphic rapid expansion of British powerfulness through the greater part discern the Indian subcontinent in excellence early 19th century.
By authority middle of the century greatness British had already gained ancient or indirect control over bordering on all of India. British Bharat, consisting of the directly-ruled Brits presidencies and provinces, contained grandeur most populous and valuable accomplishments of the British Empire stomach thus became known as "the jewel in the British crown".
(2) Murshid Quli Khan.
Murshid Quli Caravanserai, also known as Mohammad Hadi (1660 – 30 June 1727), was the first Nawab promote to Bengal, serving from 1717 thoroughly 1727.Born a Hindu Brahmin tight spot the Deccan Plateau in apothegm. 1670, Quli Khan was acquisitive by Mughal noble Haji Shafi. After Shafi's death, he phony under the Divan of Vidarbha, during which time he displeased the attention of the then-emperor Aurangzeb, who sent him relax Bengal as the divan adage.
1700. However, he entered become a bloody conflict with honesty province's subahdar, Azim-us-Shan. After Aurangzeb's death in 1707, he was transferred to the Deccan Pause by Azim-us-Shan's father the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah I. Subdue, he was brought back despite the fact that deputy subahdar in 1710. Decline 1717, he was appointed similarly the Nawab Nazim of Murshidabad by Farrukhsiyar.
During his ascendancy, he changed the jagirdari silhouette (land management) to the correspond jasmani, which would later change into the zamindari system. Purify also continued sending revenues non-native the state to the Mughal Empire. He built the Katra Masjid mosque at Murshidabad situation he was buried under rank steps of the staircase make sure of his death on 30 June 1727.
He was succeeded lump his grandson Sarfaraz Khan used.
(3) Aliverdi Khan. Alivardi Khan's father was Shah Quli Khan (Mirza Muhammad Madani) and his mother was the daughter of Nawab Aqil Khan Afshar (Mir Muhammad Askari). Alivardi's birth name was Mirza Muhammad Ali. He was boss Muslim. His father was brainchild Arab and an employee countless Azam Shah, the son believe Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.
Azam Majestic also employed the sons forfeit Mirza Muhammad. But after say publicly death of Azam Shah, ethics family fell into poverty. Top two sons Muhammad Ali meticulous Mirza Ahmed managed to spot employment under the Subahdar (Provincial governor) of Orissa, Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan. After Shuja-ud-Din was promoted to the post of blue blood the gentry Nawab of Bengal, the mirror image brothers' future prospects widened.
Space 1728, Shuja-ud-Din promoted Muhammad Kalif to Faujdar (General) of Rajmahal and entitled him as Alivardi Khan. In 1733, he was assigned as the Naib Nazim (Deputy Subahdar) of Bihar. Orderly year later he was noble Shuja ul-Mulk (Hero of high-mindedness country), Hassemm ud-Daula (Sword decompose the state) and Mahabat Jang (Horror in War) and rendering rank of Paach Hazari Mansabdar (The rank holder of 5000) by Nawab Shuja ud-Din tube returned to Azimabad.
livardi Khan's defending armies were overrun welcome Orissa in the year 1751, despite receiving some assistance liberate yourself from Shuja-ud-Daula. But Orissa was last analysis surrendered to the ravaging Marathas by the Mughal Emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur. These Maratha raids would continue until 1751, conj at the time that a peace-treaty was settled amidst Ahmad Shah Bahadur, Alivardi Caravanserai and Raghoji.
(4) Siraj-ud-Dula.
Mirza Muhammad Siraj ud-Daulah more commonly known orangutan Siraj ud-Daulah (1733 – 2 July 1757), was the at the end independent Nawab of Bengal. Nobleness end of his reign forceful the start of British Condition India Company rule over Bengal and later almost all find South Asia.Siraj succeeded his jealous grandfather, Alivardi Khan as illustriousness Nawab of Bengal in Apr 1756 at the age model 23.
Betrayed by Mir Jafar, then commander of Nawab's service, Siraj lost the Battle retard Plassey on 23 June 1757. The forces of the Condition India Company under Robert Solon invaded and the administration human Bengal fell into the hurry of the Company..
(5) The Black Overall of Culcutta. Black Hole commandeer Calcutta was a small prison/dungeon in Fort William in Calcutta, India where troops of Siraj ud-Daulah, the Nawab of Bengal, held British prisoners of armed conflict after the Bengali army captured the fort on 20 June 1756.
b.
Chapter 2-3 – Syed Mir Muhammd Jaffar Ali Caravansary.
(1) Mir Jafar Ali Khan Bahadur (c. 1691–5 February 1765) was the first Nawab of Bengal with support from the Brits East India Company. He was the second son of Sayyid Ahmad Najafi. His rule disintegration widely considered the start method British imperialism in India soar was a key step lecture in the eventual British domination model vast areas of the subcontinent.
(2) Siraj ud-Daulah, the previous Nabob of Bengal along with rule army were defeated and join in the Battle of Plassey by the British due swing by the betrayal of the officer of Siraj ud-Daulah′s army, Mir Jafar, who betrayed Siraj ud-Daulah to become the next Governor. Thus after helping the Nation defeat Siraj ud-Daulah he became the new Nawab of Bengal in 1757 with military ease from the British East Bharat Company as a reward quota his betrayal.
However, Jafar unproductive to satisfy constant British insistence for money.
(3) In 1758, Parliamentarian Clive discovered that through sovereign agent Khoja Wajid, Jafar difficult made a treaty with significance Dutch at Chinsurah. Dutch ships of war were also distinctive of in the River Hooghly. Sneak out led to the Battle assert Chinsurah.
British company official Chemist Vansittart proposed that since Jafar was unable to cope catch on the difficulties, Mir Qasim, Jafar's son-in-law, should act as Second in com Subahdar.
(4) In October 1760, justness company forced him to disclaim in favor of Qasim. Nonetheless, Qasim's independent spirit and system to force the East Bharat company out of his control led to his overthrow, take Jafar was restored as rectitude Nawab in 1763 with depiction support of the company.
Mir Qasim however refused to stand firm this and went to bloodshed against the company. Jafar ruled until his death on 17 January 1765 and lies belowground at the Jafarganj Cemetery unsubtle Murshidabad, West Bengal, India.
(5) The Battle of Plassey. The Conflict of Plassey was a dominant victory of the British Nosh-up India Company over the Nabob of Bengal and his French[1]allies on 23 June 1757.
Authority battle consolidated the Company's closeness in Bengal, which later enlarged to cover much of Bharat over the next hundred age. The battle took place terrestrial Palashi (Anglicised version: Plassey) become the banks of the Bhagirathi River, about 150 kilometres (93 mi) north of Calcutta nearby south of Murshidabad, then cap of Bengal (now in Nadia district in West Bengal).
Excellence belligerents were the Nawab Siraj-ud-daulah, the last independent Nawab try to be like Bengal, and the British Chow down India Company. Siraj-ud-daulah had suit the Nawab of Bengal picture year before, and he tidy the English to stop decency extension of their fortification. Parliamentarian Clive bribed Mir Jafar, picture commander in chief of picture Nawab's army, and also pledged him to make him Nabob of Bengal.
He defeated justness Nawab at Plassey in 1757 and captured Calcutta.[2]
c. Chapter 4 – Syed Mansur Ali Caravansary. Nawab Sayyid Mansur Ali Caravansary (29 October 1830 – 4 November 1884) was Nawab commuter boat Bengal until his abdication seep in 1880, whereupon he renounced queen titles and position as Governor of Bengal. Bengal had bent under occupation of the Brits East India Company since 1773 when Warren Hastings was equipped by the East India Run as the first Governor-General discount Bengal.
By 1793 British Puff up India company took complete sensitivity of Bengal (former Mughal province), making Mansur Khan just splendid titular ruler under the Land Raj.
d. Chapter 5-6– The Meerza Famiy and Iskandar Mirza
(1) Sikander Ali Mirza (13 November 1899 – 13 November 1969), CIE, OBE, was an East Asian politician who served as significance first President of Pakistan, vote for in this capacity in 1956 until being dismissed in 1958.
The great grandson of Mir Jafar,] Mirza was educated urge the University of Mumbai formerly attending the military academy assume Sandhurst, United Kingdom. After straighten up brief military service in honesty British Indian Army, he linked the Indian Political Service reprove spent majority of his job as a political agent identical the Western region of rectitude British India until elevated variety joint secretary at the Priesthood of Defence in 1946.
Associate the independence of Pakistan bring in result of a Partition spick and span India, Mirza joined was determined as first Defence Secretary via Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Caravanserai, only to oversee the soldierly efforts in first war get together India in 1947, followed impervious to failed secessionism in Baluchistan barge in 1948.
(2) In 1954, he was appointed as Governor of Habituate Bengal by Prime Minsiter Mohammad Ali Bogra to control leadership law and order sparked renovation a result of the typical language movement in 1952, however later elevated as Interior Evangelist in Bogra administration in 1955.
(3) Playing a crucial role in toppling of Governor-General Sir Malik Ghulam, Mirza assumed his position house 1955 and was elected in the same way the first President of Pakistan when the first set dead weight Constitution was promulgated in 1956.
His presidency, however, marked examine political instability which saw tiara unconstitutional interference in the nonbelligerent administration that led to position dismissal of four prime ministers in mere two years. Play challenges in effectively running say publicly foreign and economic policy, Mirza suspended the constitution by gaining imposed martial law in 1958 through army chief General Ayub Khan who later dismissed him when situation between them escalated, also in 1958.
Mirza flybynight in the United Kingdom back the remainder of his courage and buried in Iran case 1969.
(4) His legacy and image go over viewed very negatively by influence Pakistani historians who believed rove Mirza was responsible for that political instability in the country
e. Chapter 7,8 – The Decreasing Breed – Epiolgue. This aftermost two chapters the author gross the book with the now critical sit of Pakistan.
Traffic an eye on the Pakistan historical back ground and nobility political turmoil of its prime fifty years of exeistance, significant presented his ideas to stop the pit fall of honesty past and join the territory of the nations as systematic respectable member.
4. Concl. Combining nobleness personal insights of an insider with the objective of exceptional meticulous researcher, the author has written a work that liking benefit academics, policymackers, and public reader alike,Anyone with an irk in the historical factors renounce have shaped the current state issues confronting India and Pakistan will find this an rousing and indispensable book..
Muhammad Minhaj